%PDF-1.3 % 1 0 obj << /Length 5012 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS2 gs q BT /F0 1 Tf 16 0 0 16 223.4027 688.7688 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (Psychology and Music)Tj 14 0 0 14 258.2161 641.473 Tm (Diana Deutsch)Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 219.2437 625.8723 Tm (University of California, San Diego)Tj ET BT /F0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 255.0161 581.9869 Tm -0.0002 Tc (INTRODUCTION)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 552.7299 Tm 0 Tc 0.048 Tw [(The r)18(elationship between psychology and music is characteristic of that between a new)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD -0.027 Tw [(science and an established discipline. W)93(estern music theory has a very old tradition, dat-)]TJ T* -0.006 Tw [(ing at least fr)17(om the time of Pythagoras; and the philosophical underpinnings of this tra-)]TJ 0 -1.21903 TD 0.043 Tw [(dition that wer)17(e established in ancient times still exist today)111(. Most characteristic of this)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw (tradition is its rationalism. In contrast with the scientific disciplines, the development of)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.018 Tw [(music theory over the last few hundr)18(ed years has not been characterized by a gr)17(owth in)]TJ -0.0001 Tc -0.0068 Tw (the empirical method. Rather)' 13.084 0 TD (, while composers have constantly experimented with new)Tj -13.084 -1.21904 TD 0.2242 Tw (means of expr)Tj 6.66658 0 TD (ession, music theorists have on the whole been system builders who)Tj -6.66658 -1.21904 TD -0.0035 Tw (sought to justify existing compositional practice or to pr)Tj 24.64755 0 TD 0 Tc -0.003 Tw [(escribe new practice on numer)18(o-)]TJ -24.64755 -1.21904 TD 0.028 Tw [(logical gr)18(ounds. Further)73(, when an external principle has been invoked as an explanato-)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1511 Tw (ry device, most commonly such a principle was taken fr)' 26.02204 0 TD (om physics. The concept of)Tj -26.02204 -1.21905 TD 0.055 Tw (music as essentially the pr)Tj 11.79313 0 TD (oduct of our pr)Tj 6.84412 0 TD (ocessing mechanisms and ther)Tj 13.60583 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (efor)Tj 1.73438 0 TD 0 Tc [(e r)18(elated to)]TJ -33.97747 -1.21905 TD 0.025 Tw [(psychology has only rar)18(ely been entertained.)]TJ 1.5 -1.21904 TD -0.019 Tw [(Ther)18(e ar)17(e several r)18(easons why this rationalistic stance was adopted, most of which no)]TJ -1.5 -1.21904 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0554 Tw (longer apply)Tj 5.59084 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (. One r)Tj 3.3897 0 TD 0 Tc 0.055 Tw [(eason was a paucity of knowledge concerning the natur)18(e of sound.)]TJ -8.98054 -1.21905 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1226 Tw (It is understandable that the inability to characterize a physical stimulus should have)Tj 0 -1.21904 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.1628 Tw (inhibited the development of theories concerning how this stimulus is pr)Tj 33.77759 0 TD 0 Tc 0.163 Tw [(ocessed. )38(A)]TJ -33.77759 -1.21903 TD (r)Tj 0.37695 0 TD -0.01 Tw [(elated r)18(eason was poor stimulus contr)18(ol, which made experimentation dif)18(ficult. )37(A)-185(thir)17(d)]TJ -0.37695 -1.21905 TD 0.019 Tw [(r)18(eason was the lack of appr)18(opriate mathematical techniques with which to study pr)17(oba-)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1206 Tw (bilistic phenomena. However)Tj 13.55873 0 TD (, another r)Tj 4.77703 0 TD (eason, which is still with us today)Tj 15.55937 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (, lies in the)Tj -33.89513 -1.21906 TD 0 Tc 0.02 Tw [(peculiar natur)17(e of music itself. Ther)19(e ar)17(e no external criteria for distinguishing between)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0256 Tw (music and nonmusic, or between good music and bad music. Further)Tj 30.49348 0 TD (, it is clear that how)Tj -30.49348 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc 0.075 Tw [(we per)18(ceive music depends at least to some extent on prior experience. Thus the r)18(ele-)]TJ T* 0.025 Tw [(vance of psychological experimentation to music theory r)18(equir)17(es car)18(eful definition.)]TJ 1.5 -1.21904 TD 0.056 Tw [(In this chapter I first r)18(eview major developments in music theory fr)18(om an historical)]TJ -1.5 -1.21905 TD 0.093 Tw [(point of view)92(. Following this I explor)17(e various issues that ar)18(e curr)18(ently being studied)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD -0.004 Tw [(both by music theorists and by psychologists. Finally)110(, I discuss the r)18(ole of psychology in)]TJ 0 -1.21903 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.025 Tw (music theory)Tj 5.69126 0 TD 0 Tc (.)Tj ET BT /F0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 223.4789 128.504 Tm 0 Tw [(HISTORICAL)-258(PERSPECTIVE)]TJ ET BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 100.8755 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0909 Tw (Speculations concerning music may be traced back to very ancient times (Hunt, 1978),)Tj 0 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc 0.14 Tw [(but the foundations of W)91(estern music theory ar)18(e generally held to have been laid by)]TJ 0 -1.21903 TD -0.014 Tw (Pythagoras (ca. 570-497 B.C.). Pythagoras was concerned mostly with the study of musi-)Tj 10 0 0 10 71 32.6709 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (In: M. H. Bornstein (Ed.) )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 182.9288 32.6709 Tm (Psychology and its Allied Disciplines)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 334.2755 32.6709 Tm (. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1984, 155-194.)Tj ET BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 304.116 54.3225 Tm 0 Tc (1)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 2 0 obj << /SA false /OPM 1 /Type/ExtGState /OP false >> endobj 3 0 obj << /SA false /OPM 1 /Type/ExtGState /OP true >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Length 6223 >> stream /GS0 gs 1 g 0 792 0 0 re f /GS2 gs q BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 711.2051 Tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.019 Tw [(cal intervals. He is cr)18(edited with identifying the musical consonances of the octave, fifth,)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.021 Tw [(and fourth with the numerical ratios 1:2, 2:3, and 3:4. He is also cr)18(edited with establish-)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1221 Tw (ing by experiment that the pitch of a vibrating string varies inversely with its length.)' T* 0 Tc -0.011 Tw [(However)74(, Pythagoras and his followers ultimately lost faith in the empirical method and)]TJ 0 -1.21903 TD 0.064 Tw [(instead attempted to explain all musical phenomena pur)18(ely in terms of numerical r)18(ela)-1(-)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.16 Tw [(tionships. )37(As )37(Anaxagoras (ca. 499-428 B.C.) declar)18(ed: \322Thr)19(ough the weakness of the)]TJ 0 -1.21903 TD -0.012 Tw [(sense-per)18(ceptions we cannot judge tr)8(uth [Fr)17(eeman, 1948, p. 86].\323 )37(And later Boethius, the)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.016 Tw [(leading music theorist of the Middle )37(Ages and a str)18(ong follower of Pythagoras, wr)18(ote in)]TJ ET BT /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 594.1772 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (De Institutione Musica:)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 90 566.386 Tm 0 Tc 0.034 Tw [(For what need is ther)17(e of speaking further concerning the err)18(or of the senses when this same fac-)]TJ 0 -1.21905 TD 0.027 Tw [(ulty of sensing is neither equal in all men, nor at all times equal within the same man? Ther)18(efor)17(e)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.025 Tw [(anyone vainly puts his tr)7(ust in a changing judgement since he aspir)18(es to seek the tr)7(uth [Boethius,)]TJ (1967, p. 58].)' 12 0 0 12 90 501.5302 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0751 Tw (The view that music ought to be investigated solely by contemplation of numerical)Tj -1.5 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc (r)Tj 0.37695 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1741 Tw (elationships has characterized most music theory since Pythagor)Tj 29.72404 0 TD (ean times. On this)Tj -30.10099 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc -0.008 Tw [(view)92(, the world of mathematics is held to pr)18(ovide an ideal which the world of sense-per)1(-)]TJ T* 0.03 Tw [(ception can only imitate. Experimental pr)17(ocedur)18(es ar)18(e ther)17(efor)18(e held to be irr)18(elevant: if)]TJ T* 0.032 Tw [(the r)17(esults of experiments ar)18(e in accor)18(dance with theory)111(, then they ar)17(e r)17(edundant; if the)]TJ (r)' 0.37695 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.1475 Tw (esults conflict with theory)Tj 11.79864 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (, then they must have been ill-conceived in the first place.)Tj -12.17559 -1.21905 TD 0 Tc 0.163 Tw [(Also stemming fr)18(om the mathematical appr)18(oach of the Pythagor)17(eans have been the)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.086 Tw [(numer)18(ous attempts to build entir)17(e musical systems by mathematical deduction fr)18(om a)]TJ T* 0.068 Tw [(minimal number of established musical facts. Essentially this appr)18(oach derives fr)19(om a)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1798 Tw (false analogy with geometry (Russell, 1945). Euclidean geometry begins with a few)' 0.0138 Tw (axioms which ar)' 7.2959 0 TD (e held to be self-evident, and fr)Tj 13.77026 0 TD (om these axioms arrives by deduction at)Tj -21.06616 -1.21905 TD -0.0002 Tc (theor)Tj 2.30932 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.004 Tw (ems that ar)Tj 4.88796 0 TD 0 Tc [(e not in themselves self-evident. However)74(, it is a logical err)18(or to assume)]TJ -7.19728 -1.21904 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.008 Tw (that we can pr)Tj 6.27578 0 TD (oceed )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 180.9106 325.9885 Tm (by deduction)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 245.819 325.9885 Tm -0.0005 Tc (fr)Tj 0.70972 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (om one musical fact to another musical fact. Pr)Tj 20.79927 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (operly)Tj 2.7561 0 TD 0 Tc (,)Tj -38.75001 -1.21905 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0481 Tw (musical facts can only be used as a basis for the formulation of )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 413.1885 311.36 Tm (hypotheses )Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 468.7529 311.36 Tm -0.0002 Tc (about further)Tj -33.06274 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc 0.025 Tw [(musical facts, which r)18(equir)18(e empirical verification.)]TJ 1.5 -1.21904 TD 0.139 Tw [(Another str)18(ong influence on music theory which stemmed fr)18(om the Pythagor)17(eans)]TJ -1.5 -1.21903 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0114 Tw (was the belief that the ultimate explanation of musical phenomena lies in physics. Until)Tj 0 -1.21904 TD 0 Tc 0.062 Tw [(the Copernican r)18(evolution, this belief took the form of assuming that music serves as a)]TJ (r)' 0.37695 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0656 Tw (eflection of sounds pr)Tj 9.76146 0 TD (oduced by the heavenly bodies. )Tj 14.83077 0 TD (As described by )Tj 7.50584 0 TD -0.0002 Tc (Aristotle in )Tj ET BT /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 525.9989 238.2176 Tm (De)Tj -37.83324 -1.21904 TD -0.0001 Tc (Caelo)Tj ET BT /F2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 98.6572 223.5891 Tm 0.025 Tw (, it was thought:)Tj 10 0 0 10 90 195.7979 Tm 0.0395 Tw (that the motion of bodies of that [astr)Tj 16.6731 0.00001 TD (onomical] size must pr)Tj 10.18949 0.00001 TD (oduce a noise, since on our earth the)Tj -26.86259 -1.21905 TD 0 Tc 0.001 Tw [(motion of bodies far inferior in size and in speed of movement has that ef)19(fect. )37(Also, when the sun)]TJ 0 -1.21904 TD 0.019 Tw [(and the moon, they say)111(, and all the stars, so gr)18(eat in number and size, ar)17(e moving with so rapid a)]TJ T* -0.026 Tw [(motion, how should they not pr)18(oduce a sound immensely gr)18(eat? Starting form this ar)18(gument, and)]TJ T* 0.108 Tw [(fr)17(om the observation that their speeds, as measur)18(ed by their distances, ar)18(e in the same ratio as)]TJ T* -0.01 Tw [(musical concor)19(dances, they assert that the sound given forth by the cir)17(cular movement of the stars)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw (is a harmony [Aristotle, 1930, p.290].)' 12 0 0 12 90 94.3709 Tm 0 Tc -0.011 Tw [(Figur)17(e 1 shows that Pythagor)17(ean view of the universe, in which the r)18(elative distances)]TJ -1.5 -1.21904 TD 0.076 Tw [(of the heavenly bodies to each other ar)18(e displayed, together with the musical intervals)]TJ -0.0002 Tc -0.0106 Tw (formed ther)' 5.24863 0 TD -0.0004 Tc (eby)Tj 1.47681 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (. 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